Simple Harmonic Motion Calculator

The universal pattern of oscillation

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is one of the most fundamental concepts in physics. It describes the back-and-forth motion that occurs whenever a system experiences a restoring force proportional to its displacement from equilibrium.

In other words: pull something away from its rest position, and a force pulls it back. As it returns, it overshoots equilibrium, swings to the other side, and the cycle repeats.

The same pattern turns up in a mass on a spring, a pendulum at small angles, sound waves, AC circuits, atomic vibrations, and the quartz crystal in a watch. Get SHM and you have the groundwork for wave motion and a good deal of quantum mechanics.

Hooke’s Law, where SHM begins

The fundamental equation describing the restoring force in SHM is Hooke’s Law:

F = −kx

Where:

• F is the restoring force (in Newtons)
• k is the spring constant (stiffness, in N/m)
• x is the displacement from equilibrium (in meters)
• The negative sign indicates force opposes displacement (returns toward equilibrium)

Hooke published it in 1678, and it still holds for small displacements of nearly every elastic system.

The mathematical solution

Combining Hooke’s Law with Newton’s second law (F = ma):

ma = −kx

This is a second-order differential equation whose solution is:

x(t) = A × cos(ωt + φ)

Where:

• A is amplitude (maximum displacement)
• ω is angular frequency
• t is time
• φ is the phase constant (initial position)

The mass oscillates sinusoidally, tracing a perfect cosine wave.

The key formulas

Several derived quantities matter for SHM:

Angular frequency (rad/s):
ω = √(k/m)

Period (time for one complete oscillation):
T = 2π/ω = 2π√(m/k)

Frequency (oscillations per second):
f = 1/T = ω/(2π)

Maximum velocity (occurs at equilibrium position):
v_max = Aω

Maximum acceleration (occurs at extreme positions):
a_max = Aω² = (v_max)²/A

Total energy (constant throughout motion):
E_total = ½kA²

The energy story of SHM

One of the most beautiful aspects of SHM is the constant exchange between kinetic and potential energy:

At extreme displacement (x = ±A):

• All energy is potential: E_p = ½kA²
• Velocity = 0
• Acceleration = maximum
• Velocity changing fastest

At equilibrium (x = 0):

• All energy is kinetic: E_k = ½mv_max²
• Velocity = maximum
• Acceleration = 0
• Position changing fastest, velocity momentarily not changing at all

At any point:

• E_p + E_k = ½kA² (constant)
• Energy is continuously converted between forms
• Total mechanical energy is conserved (no friction)

This conservation makes SHM mathematically tractable and predictable.

The pendulum, a special case

A simple pendulum (mass on a string) approximates SHM for small angles:

ω = √(g/L)
T = 2π√(L/g)

Where:

• L is pendulum length (meters)
• g is gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s² on Earth)

A 1-meter pendulum on Earth has T = 2π√(1/9.81) ≈ 2.006 seconds.

This relationship was once proposed as the definition of the meter, since a “seconds pendulum” that beats once per second has a fixed length of about 0.994 m. The meter is now defined by the speed of light instead, partly because g varies from place to place and a pendulum standard would too.

Real pendulums vs SHM

The simple pendulum formula T = 2π√(L/g) only holds for small angles (under ~15°). For larger amplitudes:

• The period increases slightly
• The motion becomes anharmonic
• Exact solution requires elliptic integrals

For pendulum clocks operating at ±5° swing: SHM approximation is essentially perfect.

Where you actually meet it

The quartz crystal in a cheap watch is cut to oscillate at 32,768 Hz, which is 2¹⁵, so fifteen divide-by-two stages turn it into a one-second tick with nothing but flip-flops. That single design choice is why a $10 watch keeps better time than a mechanical movement costing a thousand times more.

Mechanical watches run a balance wheel at 18,000 to 36,000 beats per hour, and a pendulum clock at about 1 Hz. All three are the same equation with different values of the restoring force.

Elsewhere: LC circuits resonate at f = 1/(2π√(LC)), which is how a radio picks one station out of the air. Seismographs read ground motion as oscillation, and the frequency tells you which kind of wave arrived. Vehicle springs and dampers are damped SHM, tuned by feel as much as by calculation.

Damped harmonic motion

In real systems, friction or air resistance damps the motion:

m(d²x/dt²) + b(dx/dt) + kx = 0

Three regimes depending on damping coefficient b:

Under-damped (b small):

• Oscillates with decreasing amplitude
• Musical instruments, and car suspensions, which usually run at a damping ratio of about 0.2 to 0.4 so the ride is not harsh
• Most “natural” feeling motion

Critically damped (b = critical value):

• Returns to equilibrium fastest without oscillating
• Door closers and the needle of an analogue meter are set close to this
• Most efficient return to rest

Over-damped (b large):

• Slowly returns to equilibrium
• Like trying to move through honey
• Some specialized applications

Driven harmonic motion and resonance

When you push a swing in time with its natural frequency, amplitude grows:

Resonance: matching driving frequency to natural frequency causes amplitude buildup

• MRI machines use radio frequency resonance with hydrogen nuclei
• Musical instruments resonate at specific frequencies
• Microwave ovens are the famous non-example. 2.45 GHz is not a resonance of water at all. It is a band set aside for industrial and kitchen use, and it heats water well without being absorbed so fast that it only cooks the surface

Resonance trouble:

• The Millennium Bridge in London (2000) swayed sideways when walkers fell into step with it, and needed dampers fitted
• Tall buildings and chimneys can be shaken by vortices shedding at their natural frequency
• The Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940) is usually told as a resonance story. Engineers call it aeroelastic flutter: the wind fed energy into a twisting motion the deck itself set up, which is not quite the same thing as pushing a swing in time

Resonance put to use:

• Filters tuned for specific frequencies
• Antenna design
• Quartz oscillators

Quantum harmonic oscillator

In quantum mechanics, the simple harmonic oscillator is the most-studied system:

E_n = ℏω(n + ½)

Where:

• n is the quantum number (0, 1, 2, 3, …)
• ℏ is reduced Planck constant
• ω is classical angular frequency

Even at n = 0, the ground state, the energy is ½ℏω. That zero-point energy does not go away at absolute zero.

This quantum SHM describes:

• Vibrating molecules
• Black body radiation
• Quantum field theory ground states
• Cooling atoms to nano-Kelvin temperatures

Two mistakes worth naming

The first is mixing up frequency and angular frequency. They differ by a factor of 2π, they are both called “frequency” in conversation, and swapping them is the single most common source of a wrong answer in an SHM problem. Check the units: rad/s is ω, Hz is f.

The second is that the period of a spring-mass system does not depend on amplitude at all. Pull the mass twice as far and it takes exactly as long to get back. That feels wrong the first time you meet it, and it is the whole reason oscillators make usable clocks: the timing survives the amplitude decaying away.